Microsoft's quantum computing breakthrough is finally here! The researchers published a report today in Nature, which gave them strong evidence of the existence of the angel particle, the Majorana fermion, which splits the electrons into two halves in a specially prepared wire. This work is of great significance, at least in the field of artificial preparation / regulation, manipulation of quantum states has made great progress, and contribute to the development and application of quantum information science.
Just now, Microsoft announced a major breakthrough in quantum computing: in a wire, the electrons are split into two halves.
Microsoft researchers have observed considerable evidence of the existence of the Majorana fermion, known as the "angel particle," in which electrons split into half in their wires.
If Microsoft wants to build a working quantum computer, this will be crucial.
Large companies such as IBM, Google, and Intel (and even some startups) have created quantum computers with multiple qubits. Microsoft seems to be lagging behind, it hasn't even produced a qubit! However, Microsoft is developing its own quantum computer, which combines the physical mechanisms of brain-melting to overcome a major challenge that plagues competitors. If all goes well, this will be a very significant breakthrough.
This is the device that physicists use to find the clearest signals from Majorana particles. The gray line in the middle is the nanowire, and the green area is the superconducting aluminum strip. Credit: Hao Zhang/QuTech
Quantum computers are computers based on quantum physics, that is, the study of the physics of microscopic particles. Quantum computers are used to perform calculations that are difficult or impossible for ordinary computers to perform. Although Google has reported 72 qubits of computers, these are inaccurate qubits. Minor vibrations or energy from the external environment can cause calculation errors. But Microsoft's "topology" quantum computers may be able to greatly reduce noise. Microsoft researchers have made a number of important advances this year, including today's paper published in Nature. They believe that there will be working quantum bits by the end of this year.
Julie Love, director of Microsoft's quantum computing business development, said in an interview a few weeks ago: "One of our qubits will be as powerful as 1000 or even 10,000 noisy qubits."
The computer uses bits as a unit of calculation, that is, a binary bit, such as a coin, which can be either front or reverse. A quantum bit, or qubit, is the same, except that during the calculation, the coin is flipped in a black box. You can set some initial values ​​on each side of the coin, such as a plural of a+bi in high school. The probability of entering a coin on the front or back side during operation. You can only know the value of the coin by opening the box. The calculation is done by placing several coins in a box at the same time and interacting them in some way to allow a mathematical interaction of the initial values ​​above. Now, the output is related to all the coins, making the combination of some positive and negative combinations more likely, and the other combinations are less likely.
This system can be used for many things, such as advanced chemical simulation, artificial intelligence, and so on. But the key is to find a quantum "front and back" system in which two states can form a superposition (black box), entanglement (bundling coins together), and interference (when coins are entangled in a box, probability Change). You must also find another system in which the coin will continue to flip even if you nudge the box, or find a way to build redundancy (redundancies) to make up for this push.
Microsoft researchers believe that the key to overcoming this problem is the topological system. This is an engineering system that retains some of its inherent features no matter how you change it. These features are topological objects.
Researchers first need to build their topology objects. Microsoft has specially built a semiconductor wire made of indium telluride and wrapped it in superconducting aluminum. In a magnetic field, cooling the wire to near absolute zero causes the electrons to form a collective behavior that forces certain electronic properties to exhibit discrete values.
Schematic of topological qubits via: Microsoft
Quantum information will be stored in this system, but not in a single particle, but in the collective behavior of the entire wire. Manipulating the wires in a magnetic field may cause half of the electrons, or more precisely, half of the particles to be electrons but not yet electrons, at either end. These so-called Majorana fermions or Majorana zero-modes are protected by the collective topology behavior of the system, and you can move one around the wire without affecting the other.
These Majolana zero modes also constitute two qubit states. If you put them together, they either become zero or become a complete particle.
This is the progress reported by Microsoft scientists today: they observed considerable evidence of the existence of these Majolana nulls, in which electrons split into half in their wires.
Essentially, Microsoft has developed a system of atoms that looks like half of an electron at both ends. When you move one of the electronic half, their special settings are not broken by quantum noise. Put these two electronic half together and you will get one of two qubit states: yes, or nothing.
However, this only creates a system that is not too static. There are more things to do to actually do quantum computing. "We need to move the two Mayoranas around each other, so the effect of the exchange should show non-Abel statistics," said Leo Kouwenhoven, a researcher at Microsoft and Delft University of Technology, in an interview with Gizmodo. Abel's arbitrary son has important applications in topological quantum computing due to its special statistical laws.
We need to actually manipulate the Majolana particles in some way.
The so-called "non-Abel" means that if you perform two different operations on the Majorana particles, changing the order of the operations will return different results. For example, if you turn your phone to the left and then to the right, you will get a result; however, if you turn the phone to the right and then to the left, you will get another result. This is a group of non-Abel operations. Simply put, if you exchange the Majolana particles in different ways, you can get different measurements.
Technically, at least four such Majoran particles are needed for quantum computing. Assume that all four particles are arranged in the four corners of the "H" with two special wires connected in the middle. First exchange the two Majolana particles, then exchange the following two, the measured results will be compared with the first two exchanges and then exchange the above two.
This switching action is called braiding. Basically, the coins that are bundled together in the black box are mentioned above. It must be non-Abel's reason, the laws of physics stipulate that each particle is exactly the same. So, building the system with ordinary electronics and exchanging them will not leave any knowledge of what happened before. However, using the non-Abelian nature of these Mayorana particles means that they retain the memory of what happened before, which allows the researchers to distinguish the qubits and calculate them.
The advantage of Topological Quantum Computer is that it is more resistant to external noise and more robust than ordinary quantum computers. In recent years, with the advent of the concept of 'topological quantum computer', Majorana Fermi son has received extensive attention.
Researchers have yet to demonstrate weaving through experiments, but Todd Holmdahl, vice president of Microsoft Quantum Research, said they hope to achieve this discovery within a year.
Kouwenhoven said it's important to note that these topological qubits are not capable of doing everything else that other qubits can do. If you consider all possible combinations of two quantum states as points on a sphere, these swap operations cannot hit every point on the sphere. However, Kouwenhoven hinted, "We have a plan."
Physicists who did not participate in the study were excited about this for several reasons. Smitha Vishveshwara, an associate professor of physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, told Gizmodo: "I think this paper is very important." She thinks it takes some time to do the braiding: "Many steps still have to be put in place. But Whenever I confirm a new step, I feel that it is very exciting."
She is equally excited about physics itself. These "Majolana particles" were initially presumed to exist in free space in the form of their own anti-particles. Majolana particles have not yet been found in free space, but their simulations are found to be cool in systems like this.
Undoubtedly, Microsoft has invested millions of dollars in discovering new physics in highly engineered systems in order for quantum computers to work. This also explains in a sense why Microsoft has not made quantum bits to interact with, but has been working on quantum hardware and quantum computer software development kits.
Microsoft is confident that if it can get everything running, it will have the best capabilities and be able to catch up with competitors quickly. "We have a stable quantum bit that is more stable than others," Love said. "You can build a house with bricks, but bricks can't make skyscrapers. Our quantum is like steel, and it can build high-rise buildings."
Related research is published in the latest issue of Nature.
It is worth mentioning that the three of the work are combined and the two are Chinese, namely Zhang Hao, Chun-Xiao Liu and Sasa Gazibegovic. Among them, Zhang Hao (pictured below) graduated from the Physics Department of Peking University and obtained his Ph.D. from Duke University. Now TUDelft is a postdoctoral fellow. Chun-Xiao Liu is also Chinese, and his institution is the University of Maryland.
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