[Why is the United States semiconductor industry prosperous? There are three major passwords.]
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Although the U.S. semiconductor industry has a major advantage that cannot be duplicated in other regions. The IC industry was born in the U.S., and major technological breakthroughs and changes in the industry began in the U.S., but the U.S. gains and losses in the ecosystem of science and technology industry, the role of government policies, and personnel training. Still worth exploring.
According to a recent survey report by market research firm StrategyAnalytics, in the global baseband chip and smart phone application processor market in 2017, US semiconductor company Qualcomm accounted for 53% and 42% of the market share respectively, continuing to stabilize the field. Hegemonic status. StrategyAnalytics believes that in the transition from 4G to 5G, Qualcomm will continue to maintain its leading position in the market in 2019 and beyond.
The strength of Qualcomm is just one example of the leading position of the US semiconductor industry. According to data updated by ICInsights, a semiconductor industry research institute, in May, with revenue as the standard, in the first quarter of 2018, the United States occupied 8 seats among the top 15 semiconductor manufacturers (including wafer foundry). In 2017, North American semiconductor manufacturers together accounted for 49% of the global semiconductor market.
In addition, unlike companies in other regions that focus on subdivided areas or foundry businesses, American manufacturers can produce almost all types of semiconductor products, and have a complete layout of equipment and materials. Of the top ten global semiconductor equipment vendors announced by VLSI in 2016, four US companies, Applied Materials, LamResearch, KLA-Tencor, and Teradyne, ranked first, third, fifth, and eighth respectively.
Although the US semiconductor industry has a major advantage that cannot be duplicated in other regions. The IC industry was born in the United States. Important technological breakthroughs and changes in the industry have mostly started in the United States, but the United States has played a role in the ecology of science and technology industry, the role of government policies, and personnel training. The gains and losses are still worth exploring.
The rise of Silicon Valley and IC industry
When asked about the success factors of the US integrated circuit industry, a U.S. semiconductor practitioner was somewhat confused: ICs were born in the United States, which made it difficult to pinpoint the “most important reason†for their success.
The director of the CASPA, Yu Yingying, told 21st Century Business Herald that the integrated circuit industry started in the United States and with the simultaneous development of the US economy after the Second World War, the success factors of the US semiconductor industry need to be grasped from the whole.
In 1947, William Shockley, the father of transistors, and two colleagues at Bell Labs created the first transistor, and the three shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics. Afterwards, Shockley left Bell Labs and set up the Shockley Lab in Silicon Valley today. Among the talented people who had come to defect to Shockley, there were then eight co-founders of Fairchild.
In 1957, eight people left to create Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, and they were therefore yelled by Shockley as "eight traitors." But soon, this name became the legend of Silicon Valley and even the US technology industry. The "rebellious" entrepreneurial spirit has affected generations of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and scientists.
In 1958, Texas Instruments's Jack Kilby produced the first integrated circuit, but failed to find the right silicon crystal, and his device used helium. Fairchild soon achieved a breakthrough. Robert Noyce, one of the “eight renegades,†submitted a patent application for the production of integrated circuits using silicon planar technology in 1959, and produced the first in March 1961. Block silicon-based integrated circuits. The IC industry officially kicked off.
In 1968, Gordon Moore and Neuss, who finally left Fairchild in the “eight renegades,†also independently founded Intel, the world’s most successful semiconductor company.
In 1971, ElectronicNews reporter Don Hoefler first published a series of reports on the San Francisco Bay Area computer chip company under the title "Silicon Valley," and Silicon Valley gained its name. The word "silicon" is derived from the silicon raw materials used in the integrated circuit industry in the region.
Economic and technological advantages support
Chris Taylor, director of market research firm StrategyAnalyticsRF and director of wireless component research services, pointed out to 21st Century Business Herald reporter that the strong economic foundation of the United States is one of the core advantages of its semiconductor industry. The U.S. economy achieved strong growth in the 19th and 20th centuries, stimulating investment in the technology industry while expanding employment.
According to Mary Mickle's 2018 Internet Trends report released recently, the market value of the world’s top 10 technology companies includes seven US companies including Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Netflix, and eBay+PayPal. This provides the US semiconductor industry with a complete ecosystem including terminal applications, brands and software.
Lin Jianhong, a research manager at Jibang Consulting and Industrial Research Institute, pointed out to 21st Century Business Herald reporter that the long-term accumulation of basic science and technology is one of the main factors that have ensured that the US semiconductor industry has long occupied a leading position.
"Microsoft and Intel occupy the PC market. Google's Android and Apple's iOS lead the smart phone. On the manufacturing side, there are Intel and some powerful scientific research units that are driving the equipment and materials manufacturers, while the external funds are supporting. Innovative environment," he said.
The Governor of the China-Canada Semiconductor Association (CASPA), Mou Yingying also pointed out that many of the pioneers of the early development of the semiconductor industry in the United States were European immigrants of the first generation. "After World War II, many very good scientists came to the United States to look for opportunities." She said. "Father of transistors" Shockley was born in the United Kingdom and later moved to California.
According to Lin Jianhong, the semiconductor industry is only a part of the science and technology industry. The United States has a sound scientific research and innovation system and attracts talents from all over the world. This is crucial for maintaining the leading position in the scientific research field.
Active government intervention: R&D support, policy guidelines
In the early days of the growth of the integrated circuit industry, the U.S. government has played an important role in it. As early as World War II, the US military had a tradition of providing funds for scientific research for the R&D of aircraft, radar, and nuclear industries.
"The National Science Foundation (NSF) provides approximately $7 billion in support each year to support basic physical sciences and mathematics research in universities. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funds basic medical research. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) ) It provides support for companies with military potential research, such as computer network and internet projects.†Taylor pointed out three institutions that have played an important role in supporting the semiconductor industry infrastructure.
Yuying pointed out that the U.S. government’s most direct promotion of the semiconductor industry, in addition to providing financial support for R&D, also played an important role as a buyer. National defense and aerospace research provided a huge market and application scenario for the semiconductor industry.
John Orton, a professor at the University of Nottingham, pointed out in his book that during most of the time when the transistor was born, the industry survived with the support of the military, laying the foundation for the IC industry in the future.
With regard to policy guidelines, the U.S. government has only taken a number of actions in recent years. In 2015, the United States launched the Congress Semiconductor Seminar to specifically study semiconductor industry policies. Subsequently, the U.S. Congress Research Service Center and the Presidential Technology Advisory Committee issued two guiding reports on "U.S. Semiconductor Manufacturing: Industry Trends, International Competition, and Federal Policy" and "Continuously Consolidating the U.S. Semiconductor Industry Leadership Position" in 2016 and 2017, respectively. .
Sravan Kundojjala, deputy director of technology research services for mobile phone components at StrategyAnalytics, told 21st Century Business Herald that the semiconductor industry has now become an industry that the US government has “closely protectedâ€. “In recent years, the U.S. government has blocked many attempts by foreign investors to buy. The U.S. government regards 5G and AI as the core areas of the semiconductor industry and hopes to maintain its leading position.â€
In March 2018, CFIUS also urgently required Qualcom to postpone the shareholders' meeting before the Qualcomm shareholders meeting to intervene Broadcom’s hostile takeover of Qualcomm. A subsequent CFIUS letter showed that it was worried that the acquisition would weaken Qualcomm, thus making Qualcomm lose its advantage at the crucial moment of the 5G standard setting.
"However, almost all of the US semiconductor companies are currently in the global layout, and more importantly, they also have business contacts with China." Kundojjala said, "Most of the U.S. companies' success depends more on successful products and marketing strategy."
Frequent flow of talent, industry blossoms everywhere
Recalling the history of semiconductor companies in the United States, an interesting finding is that emerging companies are often able to rise rapidly and promote the progress of the semiconductor industry in the field of technology. In John Orton's view, this is linked to another major feature of the US technology industry: talent flows frequently between different companies.
A survey released by the public welfare organization Endeavor in 2014 showed that as many as 92 U.S. stocks listed on the company, including Apple, Google, Oracle, Facebook, and Tesla, are currently the most popular. The technology companies also include important semiconductor manufacturers such as Intel, AMD, Applied Materials, SanDisk, Nvidia, and Xilinx, as well as semiconductor equipment companies such as KLA-Tencor and LamResearch. Endeavor said that if it goes beyond the limits of listed companies, there are as many as 2,000 companies that can be traced back to the Eight Fairchild Co-founders.
Orton believes that the story of the "eight renegades" determines a culture in which thousands of imitators ensure that professional knowledge and technology can rapidly spread in the industry. This is very different from the relatively stable environment in Europe and Japan.
Emerging companies promote technological innovation is an important manifestation of the vitality of the United States semiconductor industry, this feature has been passed down. In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century, another group of emerging US manufacturers took advantage of the rise of the Fabless model and the advent of the information age (the emergence of the Internet and mobile networks), and in the rapid rise of the United States, they opened up new territories for the US semiconductor industry. And English Weida is one of the most typical representatives.
“For us, the Fabless model has proved to be very successful.†A spokesman for Qualcomm said in an interview with a 21st Century Business Herald reporter on June 1. “This allows us to not invest in equipment, etc. Flexibly focus on a more core, basic R&D level, and let manufacturers who are more willing and good at chip production engage in production.â€
Today, U.S. manufacturers are still at the forefront of such emerging technologies as 5G, AI, and Internet of Things. Kundojjala believes that many US semiconductor manufacturers, including Intel, Qualcomm, Nvidia, Broadcom, Micron, AMD, and Xilinx, are actively planning for this round of opportunities.
"For example, Nvidia's GPU vendor has restructured its business model mainly for individual customers into areas such as AI, autopilot and data center." He said, "Qualcomm's leader in the baseband market is also Efforts are being made to extend its success on 4G to 5G and to invest in AI, VR and AR related technologies."
"5G is opening a door for all other related industries," said a Qualcomm spokesperson. "In the past, mobile operators, mobile phone manufacturers, and semiconductor vendors have defined 3G and 4G capabilities. 5G requires many industries." Get involved, inform us about their needs, and define 5G capabilities together.â€
However, although the United States is the closest country in the world with a full semiconductor industry chain, US companies are still absent in the field of lithography, and the main DRAM production plants are not in the United States. "There is no single country with a complete supply chain." Lin Jianhong said, "The semiconductor industry has a high degree of professional division of labor, but it has highly centralized characteristics in all subsystems."
In Taylor’s view, the talent pool is an important factor for the U.S. semiconductor industry to maintain its leading position. In particular, the United States emphasizes education in basic science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. However, Yingying pointed out that the United States currently faces a challenge at the talent level: compared to the semiconductor industry with a long training cycle, emerging fields such as the Internet and software seem to be more attractive both in terms of personnel training cycles and income levels. force.
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