The key developments and progress of new media in European and American countries

First, speed up the construction of broadband networks. The European and American countries attach great importance to the construction of broadband networks and will build high-speed broadband networks as an important strategy for promoting national information exchange and economic development, and promote the equalization of broadband coverage to ensure that everyone can access broadband networks.

The first is to implement a broadband strategy. Japan was the country that implemented the broadband strategy earlier. In 2001, 2004, and 2009, it began implementing the "e-Japan strategy," "u-Japan strategy 2010," and "i-Japan strategy 2015." These strategies were proposed. Implementation has greatly promoted the construction of Japan’s broadband network. By the end of 2013, Japan's broadband penetration has exceeded 100%. South Korea also started to implement the national broadband strategy earlier. In 2004, South Korea implemented the "u-Korea" strategy and invested 804 million U.S. dollars in the construction of broadband networks. In 2009, South Korea implemented the UBCN plan, and the government and industry invested 34 trillion yuan by 2012. South Korea (about 257 million U.S. dollars) has built a nationwide broadband network with a maximum fixed-line transmission rate of 1G and a mobile Internet transmission rate of 10M. As of the end of 2013, South Korea's broadband penetration rate exceeded 100%. In July 2010, Finland listed broadband access as one of the basic rights of citizens and became the first country in the world to recognize "broadband rights." By the end of 2013, Finland's broadband penetration rate exceeded 123%, making it the highest broadband penetration rate in the world. country. In March 2010, the United States launched the "Broadband Plan" to increase broadband to the national strategic level. Its goal is that by 2020, at least 100 million households can access 100M broadband networks. By the end of 2013, its broadband penetration rate has exceeded. 100%. In 2009, the United Kingdom implemented a "Digital Britain" strategy with the goal of securing 95% coverage of fixed ultra-fast broadband services by 2017. As of August 2014, U.S. ultra-high-speed broadband services have covered 78% of the UK, with user usage reaching 26.7%. The strategic goal of French broadband is that by 2020, 70% of households will access 100M broadband networks. In 2007, the "Russian Federation's strategy for promoting the information society" proposed that Russia will realize the constitutional right of every citizen to enter the information society, and domestic citizens can enjoy basic communication services anywhere. As of the first half of 2014, Russia's broadband coverage reached 51%.

The second is to promote equalization of network coverage. Equalization of network coverage is an important goal of broadband construction in Europe and the United States. As of April 2012, 99 countries in the world provided universal telephone services, and 36 countries provided broadband universal services. In December 2007, the Japanese government convened the "Digital Divide Strategy Conference" to eliminate information discrepancies between big cities and small and medium-sized cities and rural areas. The state and local governments have to bear some of the costs and deploy optical fiber to sparsely populated and rural areas. The South Korean government has implemented the "Rural Broadband" project since 2010. In towns with fewer than 50 households, the central government, local government, and telecom operators have established a broadband network with a 1:1:2 ratio to more than 50 households. Towns and towns increase broadband coverage through government loans and cooperation with telecom operators. The British government has invested 790 million pounds to ensure that 95% of the UK's access to ultra-high-speed broadband will be achieved in 2017. The rest will not be able to connect to 5% of remote areas of ultra-high-speed broadband. The British government will invest 10 million pounds to explore the adoption of 4G. Satellites, etc. are covered. In April 2012, the United States established the Connect America Fund (CAF), which aims to allow all American families to enjoy high-speed Internet access by 2020. The annual budget of the fund is up to US$4.5 billion. In April 2014, the U.S. FCC decided that starting in 2015, CAF will invest $1.8 billion each year for a total investment of $9 billion in the next five years to provide high-speed Internet access to 5 million U.S. rural residents who have not yet been covered by broadband. In December 2014, in order to encourage telecom operators to expand broadband services to remote areas, the FCC provided US$1.8 billion in funds to assist operators in infrastructure transformation. With regard to the fact that 70% of schools in rural areas in the United States lack the basic facilities to meet high-speed Internet access, and that about 40 million students across the United States have slow access to the Internet, the FCC has increased the amount of funding for the “Education Discount Program” from the past 2.4 billion. The dollar has risen to the current $3.9 billion.

The third is to speed up the popularization of 4G and 5G R&D. The popularity of 4G has greatly promoted the development of mobile Internet and its applications. Video sharing, geographic location information, mobile social networking, etc. have become popular applications on mobile phones and tablet computers. In order to further promote the development of the mobile Internet industry, European and American countries are accelerating the construction of 4G networks. As of May 2014, 288 4G networks in 104 countries have begun commercial use, and 508 operators in 144 countries are investing and testing 4G networks. By the end of 2014, the number of global commercial 4G networks will exceed 350. At present, the United States 4G network has covered most of the United States. As of the end of 2013, with the exception of Bulgaria, Cyprus, and Malta, all member states of the European Union have officially commercialized 4G, and European Union’s 4G coverage rate reached 59.1%, of which Sweden’s 4G mobile broadband has covered 99.2% of households, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. The 4G coverage rates were 81%, 68%, and 63%, respectively. South Korea's 4G network coverage has reached 100%, 4G users account for 60% of the country's population. In addition, some countries have also conducted 5G research and development and deployed 5G networks. The British government cooperated with the University of Surrey to establish the world’s first experimental base for 5G technology and services. In January 2014, the Korean government announced the 5G roadmap for development. The goal is to become the first country in the world to commercialize 5G networks by 2020. In June 2014, South Korea and the European Union reached a cooperation on 5G. The two sides set up a joint project team to jointly develop a 5G network system, formulate 5G standards, and prepare radio frequency for new technologies.

Second, increase copyright protection. Copyright is the core resource of audiovisual new media, and it is also the core driving force for the development of audiovisual new media industry. All countries in Europe and the United States attach great importance to copyright protection, crack down on piracy and create a good environment for the audiovisual media industry.

The first is to establish and improve the copyright legal system. The United Kingdom authorised Ofcom to crack down on Internet content infringement as early as in the 2010 Digital Economy Act. The European Commission has included the "revised EU copyright system" in seven new work priorities for 2013-2014, following the fundamental strategy of broadband infrastructure construction, regulation, and cybersecurity. The Russian Anti-Piracy Act took effect on August 1, 2013, which authorizes the Russian authorities to block websites containing pirated video content. In November 2014, the Russian State Duma passed an amendment to the Anti-Piracy Act to amend the existing anti-piracy law, expand the scope of application of the law, and provide for the permanent closure of two infringing websites. In October 2013, Spain passed an amendment to the Penal Code that imposes a penalty of up to six years on website operators linking pirated content. In December 2014, Spain passed a new copyright law, which stipulated that if Google News in Spain issues news content published by domestic publishers in Spain (even if it only has a headline), Google must pay royalties to it. Google therefore shut down the news service in Spain. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) passed by the United States Congress in 1998 protected copyright owners and network service providers. U.S. Senate and House have come up with versions of their anti-piracy bills and plan to crack down on Internet piracy by forcing Internet companies to block the provision of pirated content or product websites. In 2012, the U.S. Copyright Office ruled that it supports the legitimacy of jailbreaking for smartphones such as the iPhone, but stipulates that iPads and other tablet computers are jailbreaking illegally. In June 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Internet company Aereo's unauthorized distribution of television content was infringing; in November, Aereo filed for bankruptcy protection; in February 2015, Aereo was auctioned by the bankruptcy court and the price was only US$2 million.

The second is the establishment of specialized agencies to combat piracy. In 2010, France established Hadopi, an illegal downloading agency for the Internet. As of May 2013, the agency issued a total of 160 network warnings and sued two illegal downloads. In September 2013, the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office and the London Police Department established a new Criminal Intelligence Section in the Police Department to combat Internet piracy and other forms of intellectual property crime in the UK. In July 2014, the department arrested two men who had stolen and leaked the movie through the cloud platform before uploading the official image of the death squad.

Third, improve network security. Strengthening cyber security and network supervision has become a consensus among countries. European and American countries have increased their investment in network security and established special network security management agencies to strengthen the supervision of the Internet.

The first is the establishment of a cyber security management agency. The Japanese government plans to set up a "Cyber ​​Security Strategy Headquarters" under the charge of the Cabinet's Chief Cabinet in January 2015 to further strengthen the monitoring of unauthorized visits in order to cope with the severe situation facing the current cyber security. The department will also work closely with the National Security Council of Japan (NSC) and the IT Strategic Headquarters to formulate important policies for responding to cyber attacks and investigate major cyber cases. The Japanese government also plans to set up a "Case Cyber ​​Security Center" and give it corresponding powers.

The second is to increase network supervision. In 2014, the US Department of Homeland Security plans to invest 6 billion U.S. dollars in the next three years to achieve standardization of government network security protection. The goal is to supervise the access to network hardware, software, and known vulnerabilities to prevent illegal programs from running on the network and improve Network incident response capabilities. The British government has stepped up monitoring of extremism networks and asked the website to remove and prevent extremist videos and messages on the Internet. In October 2014, the British government convened Internet companies such as Google, Microsoft, and Facebook to require them to automatically submit personal information to the police to publish illegal and extremist content, and to delete all information containing extremist content, instead of simply deleting bombs. Obviously illegal information such as video or religious provocative statements. At the end of December 2014, the Ministry of Telecommunications of India requested all Internet service providers in India to close 32 websites because these websites were used by ISIS and published anti-India content.

Fourth, protect the rights and interests of consumers. Strengthening the protection of consumer privacy, especially the protection of young people, is an important part of the management and service of audiovisual media in Europe and America.

The first is to strengthen consumer privacy protection. In May 2014, the Supreme Court of the European Union ruled that users could delete their own names or related historical events from the search engine results page, and may also require search engines to hide specific entries in search results. In June 2014, EU ministers agreed that enterprises outside the EU must comply with the EU's data protection laws. On June 26th, 2014, Google began to delete some specific content in the search results, giving users the "right to be forgotten". In November 2014, the European Union’s data protection agency issued a data protection guide for Google, which requires Google to adjust its business practices and implement “forgotten rights” for other Google sites outside the EU. Google’s main search site is also a US site. Implement "right to be forgotten". In December 2014, the European Union will formulate a general data protection law in the European continent, replacing 28 different national laws. In December 2014, the District Court of Oakland, California, ruled that Facebook would use the scanned user information content to post advertisements and allegedly infringe on user privacy. Facebook must respond to the user’s class action lawsuit.


The second is to strengthen the protection of minors. As more and more minors use the Internet, the British government has stepped up the protection of minors’ networks and required Internet companies to automatically block pornographic content. All mobile phone operators in the United Kingdom have promised to install adult content filters in their mobile phones. Only adult accounts can modify filter settings. As of the end of 2014, the UK's six largest operators had completed the prompting of all network users to install family-friendly content filters, and affixed corresponding signs to public places such as hotels, shopping malls, and airports where family-friendly content filtering devices were installed. The British Children's Cyber ​​Security Committee, which consists of 200 institutions, assists the government in completing child safety online work.

The third is to improve public media literacy. In the face of new kinds of audio-visual new media services, European and American countries have actively cultivated and promoted citizen media literacy, guided the public to rational consumption, learned to protect themselves, and jointly safeguarded the healthy development of the audiovisual new media industry. For example, the European Union carries out digital literacy education to enable European citizens to have basic information and communication skills and to cultivate "qualified consumers" who have mastered information technology and enjoy new technologies and new services. In February 2013, the Department of Commerce, Innovation and Skills of the United Kingdom launched a series of publicity and education activities to help consumers, especially young people, understand the importance of protecting intellectual property rights and the various damages that can be caused by copycats and illegal downloads. In September 2013, Ofcom in the UK released a new consumer Internet traffic management guide to help consumers better understand Internet traffic management and increase the transparency of operator services.

V. Establish a unified supervision system. To adapt to the current development and trends in the development of audio-visual media technology and industry, European countries and the United States have generally increased the construction of a unified regulatory system, strengthened market supervision, and maintained market order.

The first is to establish a unified regulatory agency. In February 2014, the European Union officially established the Audiovisual Media Service Regulatory Agency, which is composed of senior officials of the European Union's communications and media regulatory authorities. It is responsible for the promotion of audiovisual media service directives in EU countries and the promotion of communications and media regulatory agencies in EU countries. Experience, share results, and collaborate.

The second is the concept of innovation to co-ordinate audiovisual media management. In 2007, in the audiovisual media service directive issued by the European Union, "audio-visual media services" and "media service providers" were used to replace "radio-TV" and "radio-TV organizations" in the television without borders directive, and to use "audio-visual media" for unification. Refers to emerging media such as traditional media, IPTV, Internet radio and television, mobile TV, mobile multimedia, etc.; use of "audiovisual programs" refers to all "audio and video content composed of motion" audiovisual content, including through the Internet and 3G mobile communication networks. Information transmitted by the public. In response to the new media’s technology and service features and the user’s control over time and programs, the EU has proposed “linear audio-visual media services” and “non-linear audio-visual media services” media services. All audiovisual service agencies must comply with the information. The basic rules of service fulfill the obligations of audiovisual media; however, the supervision of non-linear media services is relatively loose, and non-linear media do not need to fully satisfy the regulatory requirements of linear media.

The third is to unify content service standards. In July 2014, the U.S. FCC expanded its regulations on the addition of subtitles to TV programs and required that beginning in 2016, audio-visual program content providers add subtitles for all online audio-visual programs, including video clips and other online live video programs, and upload them to third parties. There is no need to add subtitles for the site or application video. As television content gradually shifts to online platforms, the FCC regulation will cover more video programs.

The fourth is to implement a unified tax policy. France imposes cultural taxes on movie theaters, radio and television companies, and Internet service providers (ISPs). The French Senior Audiovisual Committee (CSA) believes that watching movies on websites such as YouTube is similar to watching movies in cinemas and the government should levy tax on them. In May 2013, the French government introduced a policy on the introduction of a "cultural tax" on smart phones, tablet computers and other Internet-connected products. In December 2013, CSA proposed to collect cultural taxes from YouTube and other major video sites and content providers such as Facebook.

Fifth, strengthen market supervision. In June 2014, the European Music Trade Association (Impala) sued YouTube's paid streaming music service for violating competition rules and required the European Union's antitrust regulator to initiate an investigation into its attempt to abuse its dominant position in the online video search market. In November 2014, the European Parliament passed a proposal for Google to split its search engine from other products in Europe and launched an anti-monopoly investigation against Google. The EU believes that Google's use of its own advantages to conduct service monopoly has hindered the normal development of other companies. At present, Google’s share in the European market is 90%, far exceeding its share of 68% in the United States.

Sixth, it promotes comprehensive data ratings. With more and more users turning to online video, it is imperative to promote integrated ratings. In January 2013, Norway, Denmark and Switzerland have begun to implement integrated ratings. In October 2013, the Korea Broadcasting and Communications Commission (KCC) announced that Korea has implemented a comprehensive rating survey since 2014 and added ratings data for smart terminals such as mobile phones based on the current TV ratings statistics. In 2014, KCC invested 1.8 billion won (about 10.36 million yuan) to conduct a comprehensive rating survey.