In computing and consumer electronics, efficiency has improved significantly, with a focus on AC/DC conversion. However, with the advent of 80 PLUS, Climate Savers and EnergyStar 5, designers are beginning to realize that both AC/DC and DC/DC power systems need to be improved.
The average AC/DC system efficiency is around 65%, while the DC/DC average system efficiency is 80%, so it's not hard to understand why everyone focuses on AC/DC systems. However, it is time to re-examine the DC/DC system to find new ways to improve efficiency.
DC/DC in computing, communications, and consumer applications is responsible for converting, managing, and distributing power, providing power to functions such as graphics cards, processor chips, and memory, all of which face increased performance requirements, so more than ever All need more efficiency. Research has been conducted on the latest advances in MOSFETs and advanced thermal packaging techniques to increase the efficiency of existing switching circuits and associated power transistor devices.
Careful selection of power components, especially on-board synchronous buck converters, can significantly improve the power density, efficiency and thermal performance of the new platform. For example, if 500,000 servers are fully compliant with the 80 PLUS energy regulations, the energy savings are sufficient to supply more than 377,000 homes.
Circuit and loss
The buck or synchronous buck circuit is a heavy-duty component of all low-voltage DC/DC power management systems, and the main power loss in all synchronous buck circuits comes from the switching and conduction losses of the MOSFET.
A common step-down rectifier (VRM) can be found in any desktop computer, as shown in Figure 1, which provides more than 25A of current and 1.2V of output at full load. Therefore, one MOSFET will be in the main or high side slot, and two parallel MOSFETs will be in the flywheel or bottom slot. The 12V input is stepped down to a 1.2V output, then the duty cycle is 10%, so the high-side MOSFET will regulate to low switching losses, while the low-side MOSFET pair will minimize RDS(ON) to minimize conduction losses. .
Figure 4 VR11.1 (Intel motherboard power supply specification) VCORE tube efficiency comparison
Figure 4 shows the actual efficiency plot, taken from the desktop power rectifier module phase column. These four curves are the result of two different MOSFET devices at 300 kHz and 550 kHz, respectively. We can see the efficiency over the entire load current range.
Note the two curves above. At full load (30A), you can see a 1.5% improvement in the efficiency of the latest devices. The same is true for the two curves. When the load is small (15A), an improvement of 0.69% can be achieved. If the entire load range is integrated, the average power loss can be reduced by 8% to 10% when using the latest MOSFET devices compared to today's common solutions. Even at the higher switching frequency of 541 kHz, it can be seen that system efficiency is still higher than 80% at load hours and greater than 70% at full load. If the frequency continues to increase, the switching losses will increase dramatically.
The optimum operating frequency of most DC/DC converters is 250 to 300 kHz because the switching losses and conduction losses generated by such frequencies are affordable and the ripple output to the load is low enough. The efficiency is higher when operating below 250 kHz, but the voltage output may be too small to be used to power the Pentium chipset.
The same idea can be used for laptop processor power supplies, gaming consoles, and in set-top boxes and other consumer electronics, although their currents are much smaller. Every milliwatt of energy savings seems to be difficult. However, it can make a global improvement for today's environmental problems. Small improvements in many methods have a significant effect.
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